Uncountable Noun


 Uncountable Noun

Uncountable nouns are the names of materials, liquids, abstract qualities, collections and others things which we see as masses without clear boundaries, and not as separate objects.

(যে সব noun গোনা যায় না তাদের uncountable noun বলে)
Generally Uncountable nouns are Singular.
We do not normally use a/an article or one with singular uncountable nouns.
Singular uncountable noun –এর আগে  সাধারণত a/an article or one ব্যবহার করা হয় না।
We cannot use numbers (two three etc) with uncountable noun but can use some determiners like some, any, little, much etc with Singular uncountable noun when we are thinking about limited but indefinite numbers or quantities.
Uncountable noun এর আগে সংখ্যা ব্যবহার করা হয় না। Uncountable noun এর আগে some/any/little/much/ a lot of বসলে কিছু সংখ্যা বোঝায়।
1              1.   I need some help. (help uncountable noun)
2.   Is there any water in the fridge?
3.   We need some cheese.
4.   I have not got much time.
5.   I have little interest in politics.
6.   I need to collect a lot of data from customers.
7.    His job involves a lot of travel.
We can use uncountable nouns alone.
1    1. I eat rice every day.
2    2. Can you hear music?
3    3. There is sand in my shoes.
A few uncountable nouns have plurals uses in fixed expression.
1    1.  He goes running in all weathers. (weather is uncountable noun)
2    2. Did you meet anybody existing on your travels? (Travel is uncountable noun)
3    3. Gulliver’s travels (novel by Jonathan Swift).
We can use a/an + adjective before uncountable to limiting human emotion and mental activity.
     1.   We need a secretary with a first-class knowledge of German.
2   2. I need a good sleep.
3   3.  He shows a surprising understanding of adult behavior.
4   4. My parents wanted me to have a good education.
5   5.  You have been a great help.
     6. My father enjoys very good health.( not  a very good health) (not emotion or activity)
7   7. He speaks excellent English. ( not an excellent English) (not emotion or activity)
8   8. It is interesting work. ( not an interesting work) (not emotion or activity)
Some uncountable nouns are plural. They have no singular form. Hence no number (two, three etc) used before them.
1   1.  I have bought the groceries. (not three groceries)
2   2.  Many thanks for your help.
3   3. Congratulations on your new job.


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Countable Noun


Countable Noun


Countable nouns are the names of separate objects, people, idea etc, which can be counted.

(যে সব noun গোনা যায় তাদের countable noun বলে)
Countable nouns are two types 1. Singular (একটা) and 2. Plural  (একের বেশী)
We normally use a/an article or one with singular countable nouns.
Singular countable noun –এর আগে a/an article or one ব্যবহার করা হয়।
We use numbers (two three etc) and some determiners like some, many, a few , any with Plural countable noun when we are thinking about limited but indefinite numbers or quantities.
Plural countable noun এর আগে সংখ্যা ব্যবহার করা হয়। Plural countable noun এর আগে some/any/a few/many বসলে কিছু অনির্দিষ্ট সংখ্যা বোঝায়।
1.      I like books. (no idea of numbers)
2.      I like some great books. (a limited numbers)
3.      We have planted some roses in the garden. (a limited number does not say how many)
4.      I like roses. ((no idea of numbers)
5.      We sang some songs.
6.      Did you buy any mangoes?
7.      I have a few things to do.
8.       I saw her just a few days ago.
9.      There are not many cars today.
         10. He does not have many friends.
Some/many is used especially in affirmative sentences.
Any is more common in question and negatives.
1.      Do you have some questions? (X)
Do you have any questions?
2.      I am not sure if he has some brothers and sisters. (X)
                I am not sure if he has any brothers and sisters.
We cannot use singular countable nouns alone.
Example:
1.      I want a banana.
2.      I saw a rabbit in the park.

We can use plural countable nouns alone.
1.      I like banana.
2.      Accidents can be prevented.

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Should + have + V.P.P


অতীতে কোনো কাজ করা উচিত ছিল কিন্তু করেনি, এইরূপ বাক্য বোঝালে subject - এর পর should have+verb এর past participle form হবে।

Formula: subject+should have+verb p.p.

Example: Ram should have sited. (রামের বসে   থাকা উচিত ছিল।)
She should have washed clothes. (তার কাপড় কাচা উচিত ছিল।)
He should have been in the school prayer hall. (তার স্কুলের প্রার্থনা ঘরে থাকা উচিত ছিল।) {Verb নেই তাই been বসেছে be verb এর p.p. form হিসেবে}

N.B: নমনীয়তা, বাধ্যবাধকতা, শিক্ষকের নির্দেশ, উপদেশ বোঝাাল should  এর পরিবর্তে  ought to বসে।
 He ought to have been in the school prayer hall.
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IF Sinθ/X=Cosθ/Y THE FIND THAT (Sinθ-Cosθ)= (X-Y)/ √(X2+Y2)


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Synonyms: Wail


Scream, cry out, screech, wail, squeal, shriek, howl, and yelp
These words all means to give loud high cry, or to make a loud high noise.
1.      Scream
(of a person) give loud , high cry because you are hurt, excited, frightened.
i.                 The kids are screaming with excitement.
2.      Cry out
Make a loud sound without words because you are hurt, surprised, and afraid
i.                 She cried out in pain.
ii.                He cried out in fear.
iii.               He cried out in the middle of the night.
3.      Screech
Make a loud high unpleasant sound.
i.                 He screeched with pain.
ii.                Monkeys are screeching in the tree.
4.      Wail
Make a long loud cry in pain, lament or sorrow audibly
i.                 At nine o’ clock, Swaminathan wailed, “I have a headache.”
ii.                The little girl was wailing miserably.
5.      Squeal
Make a long high sound for some duration by excited children
i.                 Children were running around squealing with excitement.
6.      Shriek
Make a loud cry when you are excited, frightened or in pain.
i.                 She shrieks in pain.
The audiences were shrieking with laughter.
7.      Howl
Howl is used to describe the loud, high, almost sad cry made by wolves and sometimes dogs.
8.      Yelp
Howl is used to describe the loud, high, almost sad cry made by dogs.
Note: Scream or wail?
Wail is longer than a scream, but less strong and extreme. It can be high or low in pitch, but a scream is always high.


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READING COMPREHENSION : FATHER'S HELP (SEEN)


As he entered the school gate, an idea occurred to him. He would deliver the letter to the headmaster at the end of the day. There was a chances Samuel might do something during the course of the day to justify the letter.
Swami stood at the entrance to his class. Samuel was teaching arithmetic. He looked at Swami. Swami hoped Samuel scold severely.
“You are half an hour late,” Samuel said.
“I have a headache, sir.” Swami said.
“Then why did you come at all?”
This was an unexpected question from Samuel.
Swami said, “My father said I shouldn’t miss school, sir.”
Samuel looked impressed. “Your father is quite right. We want more parents like him.”
“Oh, you poor man!” Swami thought, “You don’t know what my father has done to you.”
“All right, go to your seat.”
Swami sat down, feeling sad. He had never met anyone as good as Samuel.
The teacher was inspecting the home lessons. To Swami’s thinking, this was the time when Samuel got most angry. But today Samuel appeared very gentle.
“Swaminathan, where is your homework?”
“I have not done my homework, sir,” Swami said.
“Why - headache?”asked Samuel.
“Yes sir.”
“All right, sit down,” Samuel said.
When the bell rang for the last period at 4.30, Swami picked up his books and ran to the headmaster’s room. He found the room locked. The peon told him the headmaster had gone on a week’s leave. Swamithan ran away from the place.
As soon as he entered home with the letter, Father said, “I knew you wouldn’t deliver it.”
“But the headmaster is on leave, “Swami said.
Father snatched the letter away from Swami and tore it up.
“Don’t ever come to me for help if Samuel scolds you again. You deserve your Samuel,” he said.

Question:
1    1. Choose the correct alternative to complete the following sentences:
(a)    When Swami entered the class, Samuel was teaching
(i)                History
(ii)              Arithmetic
(iii)             science
(iv)             Geography
(b)    Swami was late to school by
(i)                Half an hour
(ii)              An hour
(v)              Two hours
(vi)             Three hours
(c)    The headmaster was on a leave for one
(i)                day
(ii)              month
(iii)             year
(iv)             week
(d)    An idea occurred to Swami while he was entering
(i)              The house
(ii)             Class room
(iii)            School gate
(iv)          Father’s gate
(e)    Swami wanted a justification for his father’s
(i)             report
(ii)              letter
(iii)             advice
(iv)            order
(f)     Swami have not done his home work because he had
(i)          Mild fever
(ii)          headache
(iii)            cough and cold
(iv)          bellyache
(g)    The information about the headmaster’s week-long leave was delivered by
(i)         peon
(ii)        Samuel
(iii)          Swami’s Father
(iv)            Security
(h)    Swami wanted to deliver the letter to the Headmaster
(i)          In the morning
(ii)         At noon
(iii)        In the afternoon
(iv)        At dawn
(i)    according to Swami’s father Swami should attend school
(i)          during exam only
(ii)         thrice in a week
(iii)        15 days in a month
(iv)        regularly
(j)    Samuel was a/an
(i)          Math teacher
(ii)         English teacher
(iii)        Science teacher
(iv)        history teacher
(k)    that day Samuel looked very
(i)          angry
(ii)         happy
(iii)        sad
(iv)        gentle
(l)    The extra thing taken to school by Swami was
(i)          a letter
(ii)         a new bag
(iii)        pen
(iv)        coat

2     2. Complete the following sentences with information from the text:
(a)    As Swami entered the school gate,  _______________________________________
(b)    Swami stood at   ________________________________________

(c)    Father snatched the letter away from Swami and   _______________________
(d)    Samuel got most angry when       _______________________
(e) Swami wanted to deliver the letter to the Headmaster  ______________________ 

(f) Swami  had not done his  ________________________________ 

(g) Swami said that he was late for his   ______________________ 

(h) According to Samuel, Swami's father was a   ______________________ 

3. Fill in the chart with information from the text:
cause
effect
(a)  (a) Swami did not do his homework.
(b) Swami never met anyone as good as Samuel (b)
(c) (c) Swami could not deliver the letter.

4.State whether the following statements are True or false. Provide Sentences/ Phrases/ words in support of your answer:

(a) Swami was teaching arithmetic.                           

Supporting statements _________________________________________________

(b) After taking the letter from Swami's hand, father kept it in the shelf.       

Supporting statements _________________________________________________


(c) The letter against Samuel was justified.                           

Supporting statements _________________________________________________

(d) Samuel did not scold Swaminathan       

Supporting statements _________________________________________________


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READING COMPREHENSION: FATHER'S HELP (SEEN)


Swami hoped that with this his father would be made to see why he must avoid school for the day. But Father’s behavior took an unexpected turn. He proposed to send a letter with Swami to the headmaster. No amount of protest from Swami would make him change his mind.
By the time Swami was ready to leave for school, Father had composed a long letter to the headmaster. He put it in an envelope and sealed it.
“What have you written, father?” Swami asked apprehensively.
“Nothing for you. Give it to your headmaster and go to your class.”
“Have you written anything about our teacher Samuel?”
“Yes. Plenty of things.”
“What has he done, Father?”
“Everything is there in the letter. Give it to your headmaster.”
Swami went to school feelings that he was the worst boy on earth. His conscience bothered him. He wasn’t at all sure if his description of Samuel had been accurate.
  He felt he had mixed up the real and the imagined.
Swami stopped on the roadside to make up his mind about Samuel. Samuel was not such a bad man after all. Personally he was much more friendly than the other teachers. Swami also felt Samuel had a special regard for him.
Swami’s head was dizzy with confusion. He could not decide if Samuel really deserved the allegations made against him in the letter. The more he thought of Samuel, the more Swami grieved for him. To recall Samuel’s dark face, his thin moustache, unshaven cheek and yellow coat filled Swaminathan with sorrow.
1    1.  Choose the correct alternative to complete the following sentences:
(a)    Father decided to send the headmaster a
(i)                Telegram
(ii)              Notice
(iii)             Letter
(iv)             Report
(b)    While going to school Swami was bothered by
(i)                conscience
(ii)              headache
(v)              toothache
(vi)             fever
(c)    The colour of Samuel’s coat was
(i)                Black
(ii)              Blue
(iii)             White
(iv)             yellow

(e)    as Swami went to school he felt he was
(i)          bothered
(ii)         the worst boy
(iii)        gentle
(iv)        the best boy
(f)    “His conscience bothered him.” in the sentence bothered means
(i)          sorrow
(ii)         disturbed
(iii)        inspired
(iv)        pleased
(g)    Swami was ready to leave for
(i)          doctor
(ii)         school
(iii)        Samuel’s home
(iv)        post office
(h)    Swami’s head was imbalanced with
(i)          anger
(ii)         confusion
(iii)        headache
(iv)        joy
(i)    Swaminathan stopped on the roadside to
(i)          find a post office
(ii)         change his mind
(iii)        look for his friend
(iv)        take rest
(j)    Swaminathan felt very sorry for
(i)          his father
(ii)         the headmaster
(iii)        his teacher
(iv)        his friend
2   
       2.  Complete the following sentences with information from the text:
(a)    Father’s behavior took an _______________________________________
(b)    Swami went to school felling ________________________________________
(c)    Swami stopped on the roadside to ____________________________________
(d) Swami felt he had mixed up ________________________________________
(e) Personally Samuel was _________________
(f) Swami was filled with sorrow recalling _____________________
(g) As a teacher Samuel was _____________________
(h) In the letter there was _______________________
(i) Swami's conscience bothered his as ____________________
(j) Samuel was more friendly _________________________-
3     3. Answer the following questions:
(a)    Where did Father put the letter?
(b)    What did Swami fail to decide about Samuel?
(c)    How did Samuel look?
(d) Why was Swamis's head dizzy?
(e) Why did Swami's conscience prick him?
(f) Give a brief description of Samuel's appearance?
(g) Where did Swami stop to make up his mind?

4.State whether the following statements are True or false. Provide Sentences/ Phrases/ words in support of your answer:

(a) Samuel was such a bad man after all.                           

Supporting statements _________________________________________________

(b) Swami went to school feeling that he was the best boy on the earth.       

Supporting statements _________________________________________________

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READING COMPREHENSION: FATHER'S HELP (SEEN)

Lying in bed, Swami realized with a shudder that it was Monday morning. It looked as though only a moment ago it was Friday. Already Monday was here. He hoped he didn’t have to go to school.
At nine o' clock, swaminathan wailed, "I have a headache."
Mother generously suggested that Swami might stay at home. At 9.30, when he ought to have in the school prayer hall, Swami was lying on the bench in Mother’s room.
Father asked him, “Have you no school today?
“Headache,” Swami replied.
“Nonsense! Dress up and go.”
“Headache!”
“Loaf about less on Sunday and you will be without a headache on Monday.”
Swami knew how strict his father could be. So he changed his tactics. “I can’t go so late to the class.”
“You’ll have to. It is your own fault.”

“What will the teacher think if I go so late?”
“He will scold me if I say so.”
“will he? Let us see. What is his name?”
“Samuel”
“Does he always scold the students?”
“He is a very angry man. He is especially angry with boys who come in late. I wouldn’t like to go late to Samuel’s class.”
“If he is so angry, why not tell your headmaster about it?”
“They say that even the headmaster is afraid of him.”

1. Choose the correct alternative to complete the follwing sentences:
(a) with a shudder Swami realized that it was
(i) Friday
(ii) Thursday
(iii)Wednesday
(iv) Monday.

(b) When Swami ought to have been in the school prayer hall, he was lying on the
(i) bench
(ii) table
(iii)bed
(iv) desk

(c) According to Swami, Samuel is especially angry with boys who are
(i) absent
(ii) late
(iii)inattentive
(iv) undisciplined

2. Fill in the chart with information from the text
(a) time when Swami complained of a headache
(b) person who ordered swami to dress up and go to school
(c) name of the teacher mentioned by Swami

3.State whether the following statements are True or false. Provide Sentences/ Phrases/ words in support of your answer:

(a) Swami said that he had a headache.                           

Supporting statements _________________________________________________

(b) Swami was lying in his father's room.                           

Supporting statements _________________________________________________

(c) According to Swami, the headmaster was not afraid of Samuel.           

Supporting statements _________________________________________________


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